Police clashed with strikers at least a dozen times, three with shootings.Īt the McCormick reaper plant, a long-simmeringĮrupted in violence on May 3, and police fired at strikers, killing at least two. Many now adopted the radical demand of eight hours' work for ten hours' pay. Crowds traveled from workplace to workplace urging fellow workers to strike. Tens of thousands more, both skilled and unskilled, joined them on May 3 and 4. On Saturday, May 1, 35,000 workers walked off their jobs. Between April 25 and May 4, workers attended scores of meetings and paraded through the streets at least 19 times. The next day, on November 11, George Engel (believed to be at home during the riot), Adolph Fischer (type setter of the newspaper ‘Arbeiter Zeitung’, August Spies, and Albert Parsons were executed.On May 1, 1886, Chicago unionists, reformers, socialists,Īnd ordinary workers combined to make the city the center of the national movement for anĭay. The sentences of Samuel Fielden and Michael Schwab (assistant editor to August Spies) were commuted by Illinois Governor Richard James Oglesby to life in prison on November 10. The trials were accused to be concluded in a biased manner. Some leaders and their newspaper offices were searched and raided by the police. The blame for the riot was put entirely on the anarchists and the labor organizations. Several suspects, including the speakers at the protest, were arrested. The American labor movement, in general, received a setback due to the riot, also weakening the struggle for the eight-hour day demand. Also, businessmen showed a lot of support for the police. Most of the German immigrants and Bohemians, rather the labor community at large, was looked at with suspicion. People lost trust in the worker’s associations and the campaign. EffectsĪfter the Haymarket riot, a gradual repression of the labor movement came about. A confrontation between the protesters and the police led to several fatalities, killing both policemen and civilians in the process. As the police reached closer, a person, unknown till date, hurled a handmade dynamite bomb at them. During one of the last speeches, by Samuel Fielden, the police suddenly ordered the crowd to disperse. As it was drizzling, much of the crowd had already returned. On May 4, the then Mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, himself attended as an observer, and had declared the meet to be peaceful. “Good Speakers will be present to denounce the latest atrocious act of the police, the shooting of our fellow-workmen yesterday afternoon.” The anarchist leaders responded rapidly by printing fliers in English and German, appealing to the workers to come prepared for a Mass-Meeting. To protest against this brutal attack of the police, the unions agreed to organize a ‘protest meeting’ at the Haymarket Square the next day. Two workers were killed, and many were wounded. The police intervened to protect the strikebreakers and strikers, leading to firing upon the crowd. After the end of the workday, some workers went towards the gates of the company to confront the strikebreakers. The strike was carried forward in a non-violent manner, until the evening. Soon after that, workers assembled at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company at Western and Blue Island Avenues on May 3. On May 1, Chicago saw the maximum number of workers going on strike, with this number reaching over 300,000 across the entire country. All the labor unions, affirming the eight-hour day demand, geared up for a general strike on this day. This period is characterized by the prominent eight-hour day movement, which pushed for ‘eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest’.įederation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions had, in an 1884 convention, decided to be the day when the movement for eight-hour day across the nation would commence. The incident, also known as the Haymarket Massacre or Haymarket Affair, is considered to be an important landmark in the history of the labor movement, not just in the United States, but the world over. The labor unions and the movement for the rights of industrial workers were gaining momentum during the 1880s. Their leaders included August Spies, Albert Parsons, and Samuel Fielden. Some socialist and anarchist organizations were active too. The ‘Knights of Labor’ was a favored union with a membership reaching around 700,000 by the year 1886. Given such a huge workforce, Chicago also saw the development of groups and unions demanding better working conditions. Chicago was a major center of industrial activity, and also home to many German immigrants. Many of the accused who were tried after the riots were not even present at the Haymarket assembly, but were arrested just because they organized the unions.Īfter the Depression of the 1870s, industrial production began to flourish in the United States.
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